Where Relax Gaming titles sit in Australia — and what the offshore pitch leaves out

Someone in Australia who types a phrase like “best Relax Gaming online casino” into a search bar is not asking which site offers the best welcome bonus. The deeper question is whether Relax Gaming titles are even available through any channel that Australian law recognises, and the honest answer sits at the front of the page: online casino games, including the slots and live tables Relax Gaming supplies, cannot be licensed anywhere in Australia. The Interactive Gambling Act 2001 prohibits them, no state or territory grants that licence, and the Australian Communications and Media Authority has spent years moving against offshore operators who market them here. What follows is a practical map of what does exist, what does not, and what a player in Australia is actually being offered when an offshore brand runs Relax Gaming advertising at them.

Data current as of 8 November 2026, verified against the ACMA’s published register of formal warnings and blocking requests.

Why a Relax Gaming “online casino” cannot be licensed in Australia

The Interactive Gambling Act 2001, tightened by the Interactive Gambling Amendment Act 2017, makes it an offence to provide online casino games, online pokies or in-play betting to a person physically in Australia. A casino game — a slot, a roulette wheel, a live dealer table — falls squarely inside the prohibited category. State and territory gambling regulators do not issue online casino licences; the Northern Territory Racing and Wagering Commission, which supervises 52 of Australia’s online bookmakers, covers wagering on sport and racing only. The licensing frame does not bend for any supplier, however reputable that supplier is overseas.

That fact reframes the whole question. Relax Gaming holds a UK Gambling Commission licence (account number 37462), a Malta Gaming Authority licence, a Gibraltar Gambling Division licence, a Romanian ONJN licence and an AGCO licence in Ontario. None of those authorisations extends an offer to a player in Australia. The licences that matter for an Australian reader are the ones an Australian regulator has issued, and none of them cover this product.

Enforcement runs through the ACMA. The Authority investigates complaints, issues formal warnings to offshore operators, and can direct Australian internet service providers to block illegal sites. As of June 2026 the ACMA had asked ISPs to block 1,751 illegal gambling and affiliate marketing websites since the first blocking request in November 2019, and more than 230 unlicensed services had left the Australian market since enforcement was strengthened in 2017. The pace has not slowed. A round reported on 26 June 2026 alone added twelve more domains to the block list — 7Signs, ChromaBet, Donbet, Duospin, Freshbet, Slots Gem, Jacks Club, Lucky Start, Pointsbetz, Spinrise, Vinyl Casino and Wildsino.

H2 Gambling Capital’s 2025 estimates put annual Australian losses to illegal gambling sites at around A$3.9 billion, and the share of gambling flowing through legal channels dropped from 74% in 2021 to 64% by 2025. The loss to the regulated side is not a marketing problem the offshore sites have solved; it is a regulatory gap the ACMA is steadily closing one domain at a time.

Responsible gambling supports available to an Australian reader

An Australian who reads about Relax Gaming titles online and feels the pull to chase them deserves to know what support is actually wired up here, and what is not.

The National Gambling Helpline — 1800 858 858 — runs free, around the clock, with web chat at Gambling Help Online. It is the front line for anyone who feels the gambling is moving faster than they want it to. Gambling Help Online also runs callback counselling and self-help tools.

BetStop, the National Self-Exclusion Register, has been live since August 2023. A person who registers with BetStop is barred from every Australian-licensed online and phone wagering service. The mechanism is real, and it works against the regulated bookmakers — Sportsbet, Bet365, Ladbrokes and the other 49 Northern Territory licensees. What BetStop does not do is touch an offshore casino. A site licensed in Curaçao is not connected to the register, has no obligation to honour it, and will not. Self-exclusion through BetStop is a statement of intent to the licensed Australian market, and the licensed Australian market is the only market it reaches.

State and territory bodies run their own self-exclusion schemes for land-based venues and, in some jurisdictions, for specific online channels. The pattern is consistent: each scheme binds the operators it was built to bind, and stops there. A punter who excludes themselves from every Australian pub club and TAB still faces no friction from an offshore crypto casino.

If a reader sees a Relax Gaming game being promoted to them by an unlicensed site, the practical first step is to look at the ACMA’s register of formal warnings, which is published on acma.gov.au, and to confirm whether the brand has already been the subject of an action. A site that has already received a formal warning is operating in spite of an Australian regulator, not in ignorance of one. That is a different category of risk from a brand with no published history, and the difference matters.

How deposits and withdrawals work at offshore sites that carry Relax Gaming titles

A reader who lands on an offshore casino carrying Relax Gaming slots is not landing on a payments experience regulated by Australian law. The site will ask for a deposit method, and the menu typically includes card payments, e-wallets, bank transfer and, increasingly, cryptocurrency. Each option carries a different friction profile.

The Australian rules that govern licensed online wagering — debit card, bank transfer, PayID/Osko and BPAY — do not bind an offshore casino. Since 11 June 2024 the federal government has banned credit cards, credit-related products and digital currency as payment for any licensed online wagering in Australia, with penalties of up to A$247,500 for operators that breach the rule. The ban reflects the Australian view that credit-funded gambling accelerates losses faster than self-control can respond, and that crypto-funded gambling removes the audit trail consumer protections depend on. An offshore site that asks an Australian player for a credit card or a Bitcoin deposit is operating outside that policy by design.

Settlement times at offshore casinos vary widely. E-wallet withdrawals at the faster end of the market clear inside a working day once the account is verified; bank transfers can take three to five working days; crypto withdrawals can land within hours but expose the player to the volatility of the asset on top of the volatility of the game. Verification is the gating step: an offshore site that has not yet confirmed the player’s identity holds the withdrawal until it has, and a player with a balance stuck in pending verification has no Australian complaints body to escalate to.

The Australian consumer has no recourse through the Australian Financial Complaints Authority, no recourse through the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner for a data breach at an offshore site, and no recourse through any state gambling regulator. The promise of “fast payouts” on a Curaçao-licensed site is a promise made by a company the player has no Australian avenue to compel.

What Relax Gaming bonuses actually cost the player taking them

A Relax Gaming slot wrapped in a welcome package at an offshore casino looks like a free start. It is not. The package typically takes the form of a deposit match — 100% up to a stated ceiling — plus a tranche of free spins on a named title. The marketing language calls it a bonus; the contract language calls it a requirement to wager a multiple of the bonus before any winnings can be withdrawn.

A standard wagering requirement sits in the 35× to 45× range of the bonus amount. On a A$500 deposit with a 100% match, the player has A$1,000 of bonus money that must be turned over A$35,000 to A$45,000 times before the winnings become withdrawable. Free spins carry their own wagering requirement, often 40× the spin winnings, and a maximum cashout cap on what the spin bonus can ever convert to — frequently A$100 to A$200 regardless of how the spins land.

The mechanics matter because they invert the marketing pitch. A bonus that promises “extra money to play with” is in fact a commitment of the player’s own bankroll to a long, mechanical grind at the house edge. The edge never pauses. Each spin during the wagering period plays against the game’s RTP, and the requirement has to be cleared before the player can touch a withdrawal button. A player who runs out of bankroll before the requirement is met loses both the bonus and the winnings that were accumulating against it.

The other inducement to read carefully is the game-weighting clause. Slots typically contribute 100% of each spin to the wagering requirement, but table games and live dealer titles often contribute 10% or less. A player who thinks they are grinding a blackjack requirement at the same pace as a slots requirement is grinding ten times slower than they imagine. The terms page is not light reading; it is the contract.

The further subtlety is time-limited clearance. Most bonuses carry a 7-day or 30-day window in which the wagering must be completed. A player who hits a hot streak on day three and stops playing, then returns on day twenty, finds the bonus has expired and the winnings with it. The clock runs whether or not the player does.

Mobile and touchscreen play for Relax Gaming titles

Relax Gaming builds its catalogue in HTML5, and the games are designed to scale to a phone screen without a separate download. A punter with a modern smartphone and a current browser can reach the games through the offshore casino’s mobile site without installing anything. Load times on a 4G connection sit in the three-to-five-second range for a slot to come up; live dealer tables add another second or two for the video stream.

The question of a dedicated app is the next one. Offshore casinos with a Curaçao licence rarely offer an app through an Australian app store, because the Apple App Store and Google Play store restrict real-money gambling apps by region. Where an app exists, it is usually an Android APK sideloaded from the casino’s own site, which sits outside the platform’s review process. The player takes on whatever security exposure that carries.

In-browser play sidesteps that exposure. The trade-off is that the mobile site is built to the casino’s priorities, not the player’s, and a browser tab that loses focus on a phone can disconnect mid-spin. The session recovery at reputable offshore sites returns the player to the state of the spin, but session recovery at less reputable sites is patchy. A punter who plays on a flaky mobile connection can lose the result of an interrupted spin to a server that did not register it.

The practical answer is that the games themselves run well on a phone — Relax Gaming’s HTML5 build is solid — but the wrapper around them is the offshore casino’s mobile site, and that wrapper carries every risk the rest of the site carries. There is no Australian app that supplies Relax Gaming titles through a regulated channel.

What the Relax Gaming catalogue contains, and where it actually appears in Australia

Relax Gaming was founded in 2010 by Patrik Österåker and Jani Tekoniemi, opened a Malta office as its commercial and product hub, and on 2 July 2021 was acquired by Kindred Group, which bought the remaining two-thirds of shares it did not already own at an enterprise value of up to EUR 320 million. The supplier’s own materials now mark a 15th anniversary milestone with more than 300 employees based in Mallorca, a substantial expansion from the roughly 240 employees it reported across hubs in Malta, Estonia, Sweden and Serbia in earlier disclosures.

The catalogue covers online slots, jackpot slots, table games and live dealer content supplied through partner studios. The slots range from high-volatility titles aimed at bonus-feature hunters to lower-volatility reel sets aimed at longer sessions. A representative slot in the catalogue carries an RTP in the 94% to 96.5% range, with the high end reserved for titles that have dialled back the feature frequency to compensate.

Australia has no online channel that lawfully carries this catalogue. The channel that carries equivalent mechanics is the land-based pub, club and casino floor, regulated by state and territory authorities. Electronic gaming machines — pokies — on those floors come from a different set of suppliers, with Aristocrat Leisure Limited the dominant Australian manufacturer and the second-largest slot-maker worldwide behind International Game Technology. Aristocrat was founded in 1953, listed on the ASX in 1996 under the ticker ALL, and reported 2025 revenue of A$6.30 billion against a normalised net profit after tax and amortisation of A$1.55 billion, with 7,400 employees. Its products sit in venues from the Sydney CBD to the smallest regional RSL.

The licensed online wagering market in Australia covers sport and racing, not casino games. A punter who wants to bet on the Melbourne Cup, the AFL or the NRL has a regulated channel with a real complaints body. A punter who wants to play a Relax Gaming slot does not. The two products look adjacent on a phone screen and sit in different legal universes.

How an honest comparison of “Relax Gaming casinos” is built — and what the criteria actually separate

A list of “the best Relax Gaming casinos” implies a ranking by quality. For an Australian reader the ranking is a ranking by legal status, and every operator that carries Relax Gaming titles sits in the same band: prohibited, by operation of the Interactive Gambling Act 2001. The comparison the page can usefully make is among the operators the ACMA has acted against, by reference to the regulator’s own actions rather than to bonus size.

The criteria that genuinely separate one operator from another in this space are:

• the date and substance of the ACMA’s action against the brand;
• the operator company behind the brand, since that company may own multiple brands and the ACMA action may have covered several at once;
• whether the same brand has been the subject of an earlier warning under a different operator company;
• the licensing jurisdiction the brand displays — most commonly Curaçao, occasionally Anjouan — and what consumer protection that jurisdiction offers an Australian player (in practice: none).

A reader comparing two offshore brands on bonus size or game catalogue is comparing two sites that are both unlawful to use from Australia and both unavailable through any Australian complaints channel if something goes wrong. The substantive comparison is on the regulatory record.

The ACMA’s published register is the comparator. It is a public document, updated as new warnings are issued, and an operator that appears on it is one the regulator has already identified as offering prohibited services to Australians. An operator that does not appear on it is not necessarily lawful; it may simply be one the ACMA has not yet addressed. The register is a running tally, not a complete list.

The eleven operators the ACMA has acted against — and what each row actually shows

The table below lists the eleven brands the ACMA has published formal warnings against for offering prohibited online casino services to Australians. Each row carries the ACMA’s own action and date, the operator company named in the warning, and what is known about whether the brand carries Relax Gaming titles specifically. A dash indicates no data was found in the consulted set.

Two of the eleven — Level Up and Casino Intense — carry listings that mention other suppliers but do not surface Relax Gaming. Two more — National Casino and the row above it — list Betsoft and Pragmatic Play among their providers. The remaining seven carry no data in the consulted set on whether Relax Gaming titles appear in their lobbies, and the table reflects that with a dash rather than a guess.

The deeper signal in the table is not which brand carries which supplier. It is that every row carries the same legal bottom line: the ACMA has issued a formal warning, the operator has continued to market to Australians, and the player on the other end has no Australian avenue to complain. The dates also cluster. Six of the eleven warnings were issued in 2025 or 2026, which suggests the ACMA’s enforcement tempo is rising rather than slowing.

RocketPlay

Pulsup Ltd received a formal warning from the ACMA in March 2026 over the Australian-facing RocketPlay operation; the same brand had already been the subject of a Dama N.V. warning in May 2022. Two warnings from the same regulator, four years apart, over the same player-facing brand, is a pattern the regulator considers worth recording twice. No data in the consulted set on whether Relax Gaming titles appear in the RocketPlay lobby.

Level Up Casino

Dama N.V. received a May 2022 formal warning covering Level Up alongside five other brands (Bambet, Dazard, Wild Tornado, Cobra Casinos and the same Rocketplay URL). The listings consulted reference Wazdan rather than Relax Gaming among Level Up’s providers. A reader looking for a Relax Gaming slot on Level Up is unlikely to find one; a reader who lands on Level Up for any other reason still lands on a site the ACMA has acted against.

Woo Casino

Dama N.V. received a March 2025 formal warning specifically over Woo Casino, separate from the broader 2022 action. The warning came three years after the company’s first brush with the ACMA over a different set of brands, which suggests the regulator tracks operator-level conduct as well as brand-level conduct. No specific confirmation of Relax Gaming titles exists for this brand.

Spirit Casino

Relax Gaming content has not been identified here.

National Casino

Consultation S.R.L. received a July 2025 formal warning covering National Casino and Bizzo Casino in the same action. The listings consulted surface Betsoft and Pragmatic Play as National Casino providers rather than Relax Gaming. A reader who finds a Relax Gaming slot advertised at National Casino is being shown a lobby that the consulted listings do not corroborate, and that mismatch is itself a signal worth noticing.

Bizzo Casino

Consultation S.R.L.’s July 2025 warning covered Bizzo Casino alongside National Casino. Bizzo had already been the subject of a 2022 formal warning to TechSolutions (CY) Group Limited and TechSolutions Group N.V., which means the brand has been warned under two different operator companies in three years. Whether this brand hosts Relax Gaming titles remains unverified.

Ignition Casino

Bamboo Media received a July 2025 formal warning over Ignition Casino. No published information links Relax Gaming to this operator.

Instant Casino

EOD Code SRL received a February 2025 formal warning over Instant Casino. Information on Relax Gaming titles at this site is currently absent. The earlier February 2025 timing — ahead of the July 2025 cluster — places the EOD Code action as part of the same enforcement wave rather than an outlier.

Jackbit

Ryker B.V. received an April 2026 formal warning covering both Jackbit and CasinOK. The April 2026 timing puts the action at the leading edge of the most recent enforcement round. This brand’s catalogue does not explicitly include Relax Gaming.

Casino Intense

Sterplay Holding Ltd received an April 2025 formal warning over Casino Intense. The listings consulted surface 1spin4win as a provider and reference the UK Gambling Commission, but not Relax Gaming. A reader looking for a Relax Gaming slot at Casino Intense is again looking in the wrong lobby for the brand in the wrong jurisdiction.

Sky Crown

Hollycorn N.V. received a formal warning in September 2022 covering Sky Crown and Blue Leo in the same action. The 2022 date makes Sky Crown the longest-standing entry on the table and the one against which the ACMA has had the longest to act. No data on Relax Gaming.

The blocking rate as a measure of how fast enforcement moves

The ACMA’s enforcement machinery has two visible outputs: formal warnings issued to specific operators, and blocking requests sent to Australian internet service providers. The first asks an operator to stop; the second stops the operator from being reachable from an Australian IP address.

Since the first blocking request in November 2019, the ACMA has asked ISPs to block 1,751 illegal gambling and affiliate marketing websites, as of June 2026. That is roughly 263 blocks per year averaged across the period, or about twenty-two per month. The June 2026 round alone added twelve more domains.

Stated as a band: the running block total translates to somewhere between 20 and 25 new domains added per month across the seven-year enforcement period, with the rate tending higher in 2025 and 2026 as the ACMA has added staff and broadened its criteria. The block is the last step, not the first: by the time a domain is on the list, the ACMA has typically issued a formal warning, monitored compliance and found the operator either unwilling or unable to stop marketing to Australians.

The blocking rate is not a forecast for any single brand, but it is the rate at which the pool of reachable offshore casinos shrinks. A brand that was reachable from Australia last month can be blocked next month, and a balance on the brand at the moment of blocking is unrecoverable through any Australian channel. The faster the ACMA blocks, the more frequently a player faces the cut-off scenario.

The offshore sites Australia has lost, and the trend that points downward

The ACMA reports that more than 230 unlicensed gambling services have left the Australian market since 2017, when the Interactive Gambling Amendment Act came into force. “Left” covers both blocked domains and operators that withdrew voluntarily after a formal warning. Either way, the supply side of the Australian-facing offshore market has shrunk by hundreds of brands over nine years.

H2 Gambling Capital’s 2025 estimate puts losses to illegal sites at A$3.9 billion a year, with the share of gambling through legal channels falling from 74% in 2021 to 64%. The two trends point in the same direction: enforcement is pushing more operators out, and the consumer dollars are still flowing offshore at scale. The Australian government’s 2026 reform package — the Interactive Gambling Amendment (Gambling Reform) Bill 2026, which passed Parliament on 19 August 2026 — adds advertising and inducement measures that commence on 1 January 2027. The bill is law with a start date, not yet in force on this page, but its direction is the same one the ACMA has been pushing for nine years.

For a reader, the practical read is that an offshore casino reachable from Australia today may not be reachable tomorrow. The legal frame is tightening on multiple fronts at once: blocking, formal warnings, advertising restrictions and the credit card and crypto bans that took effect in June 2024. Each of these makes the offshore offer narrower, not wider.

What an Australian should do if a Relax Gaming game appears in their feed

The most common path by which a Relax Gaming slot reaches an Australian player is affiliate marketing: a search result, a banner ad, an Instagram post linking to a Curaçao-licensed casino that lists the slot in its lobby. The site is reachable today; it may be blocked tomorrow. The ACMA’s register of formal warnings lists the brands that have already been acted against. A player who wants to check whether the brand they are looking at has been warned can search the register at acma.gov.au.

If the brand is on the register, the player has confirmation that the regulator considers the offer to Australians prohibited. If the brand is not on the register, the absence of a warning is not a clean bill of health — the ACMA acts on complaints and on its own enforcement priorities, and the absence of a published action may simply mean the regulator has not yet turned its attention to that brand. The register is a list of known issues, not a list of clean ones.

The practical protective steps for an Australian reader are the ones the law already offers. BetStop binds the licensed wagering market. The National Gambling Helpline (1800 858 858) and Gambling Help Online are free, 24/7, and reachable without going through a casino at all. State and territory self-exclusion schemes cover land-based venues. None of these mechanisms reaches an offshore casino, and that is the structural fact a player needs to absorb before any other decision.

If the goal is to play Relax Gaming slots at all, the lawful answer is that there is no Australian channel for that product. If the goal is to manage a gambling problem, the lawful supports are the ones listed above and they are not in short supply.

Onshore alternatives — what Australia does offer a slot player

The licensed channel a slot player in Australia can use is the land-based pub, club and casino. Pokies on those floors are regulated by state and territory authorities, with each jurisdiction setting its own return-to-player requirements, maximum stake limits and operating hours. New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland together account for the bulk of the installed base; the machines carry state-specific game approval numbers and the venues carry state-specific venue approvals.

The licensed online channel covers wagering on sport and racing only. A punter who wants to bet on the Melbourne Cup, the Ashes or the State of Origin can place the bet through a Northern Territory-licensed bookmaker with PayID, BPAY, debit card or bank transfer as the funding method, and a complaints body if the bet is not honoured. The same bookmaker will not offer a spin button, a roulette wheel or a live dealer table. The product split is deliberate and is what the Interactive Gambling Act 2001 enforces.

Aristocrat Leisure, Light & Wonder and IGT are the dominant slot machine manufacturers in the Australian pub and club market. Their games are not Relax Gaming titles, and the cabinets on which they run are not online — but the regulatory environment is the same one the ACMA upholds for online casino products. A player who chooses the regulated environment chooses a complaints body, a self-exclusion register and a payments system the Australian government supervises. The game on screen is different; the legal posture of the player is the substantive difference.

Tax, winnings and what to keep of any offshore payout

Gambling winnings of a recreational Australian player are not assessable income under section 6-5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, and gambling losses are not deductible. The rule changes only if the player is carrying on a business of gambling, which is a higher bar than playing online pokies in the evening and which the ATO interprets narrowly. A punter who is wondering whether to declare a win from an offshore casino should check with the ATO or a tax adviser rather than rely on the offshore casino’s own guidance.

The offshore casino that pays out will not issue an Australian tax statement. The conversion from US dollars or euros to Australian dollars happens at the player’s bank or wallet, and the bank statement is the document the ATO sees if it sees anything. For a recreational player with modest activity, no reporting is required. For a player with high-volume activity, the rule of thumb is that the ATO looks at the pattern of activity rather than the labels the offshore site applies to it.

Final reading: the page, the product and the posture

The substance of this page sits in three facts the reader can carry away. First, no online casino in Australia carries Relax Gaming titles through a licensed channel, because the Interactive Gambling Act 2001 prohibits the offer and no state or territory issues the licence. Second, the offshore sites that market Relax Gaming slots to Australians are operating in spite of an active Australian regulator, and several have already been the subject of ACMA formal warnings. Third, the Australian consumer protections — BetStop, the National Gambling Helpline, state self-exclusion, AFCA recourse — reach the licensed wagering market and stop at the offshore border.

A reader who came to this page looking for the best Relax Gaming casino to play at has arrived at the wrong question. The right question is whether to play at an offshore site at all, and the rest of the page is the evidence to answer it.

Frequently asked questions

Is Relax Gaming legally available to players in Australia?

No. Online casino games, including the slots and live dealer tables Relax Gaming supplies, are prohibited under the Interactive Gambling Act 2001 as amended in 2017. No state or territory issues an online casino licence. Relax Gaming’s UK, Malta, Gibraltar, Romanian and Ontario licences do not extend an offer to a person in Australia.

What kinds of games does Relax Gaming make?

Relax Gaming produces online slots, jackpot slots, table games and live dealer content distributed through partner studios. The catalogue is built in HTML5 for cross-device play, and the studio was founded in 2010 and acquired by Kindred Group in 2021 at an enterprise value of up to EUR 320 million.

Are Relax Gaming games offered at land-based venues in Australia?

Not directly. Australian pokies on pub, club and casino floors come from a different set of manufacturers — Aristocrat Leisure, Light & Wonder and IGT are the dominant suppliers — and run on cabinets that are not online. The slot mechanics on a pokie cabinet are similar to those of an online slot, but the regulatory frame and the supplier are different.

How can Australians check whether a Relax Gaming title is fair before ever considering play?

The honest answer is that an Australian player has no Australian regulator to ask, because no Australian regulator licenses the offshore site offering the game. RNG certification is provided by independent labs such as Quinel or Gaming Labs International at the supplier level; the operator level is not certified by any Australian body. The Australian consumer has no recourse through AFCA, the OAIC or any state regulator if a withdrawal is refused.

Why do offshore sites keep advertising Relax Gaming games to Australian visitors?

Because Australian-facing traffic is large and weakly enforced at the affiliate layer. H2 Gambling Capital estimates A$3.9 billion in annual Australian losses to illegal sites, and affiliate marketing is the main channel by which the offshore operators find that traffic. The ACMA’s enforcement tempo has risen — 1,751 domains blocked since November 2019 — but the affiliate ecosystem continues to refresh around each block.

What should an Australian do if they see a Relax Gaming game promoted by an unlicensed site?

Check the ACMA’s register of formal warnings at acma.gov.au to see whether the brand has already been the subject of action. If it has, the regulator has already declared the offer prohibited. If it has not, the absence is not a clean bill of health. The Australian supports — BetStop, the National Gambling Helpline on 1800 858 858, Gambling Help Online, state self-exclusion schemes — are reachable without going through the casino at all.